{"id":36,"date":"2017-05-12T19:19:10","date_gmt":"2017-05-12T19:19:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/18.212.194.158\/?p=36"},"modified":"2017-05-25T12:51:48","modified_gmt":"2017-05-25T12:51:48","slug":"the-origin-of-democracy-part1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinacivilrights.org\/?p=36","title":{"rendered":"\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d77\u6e90\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0 &#8211; 1  The Origin of Democracy Part1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 9\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u4f60\u4e00\u5b9a\u9084\u8a18\u5f97\uff0c\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684 2500 \u5e74\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u65b7\u65b7\u7e8c\u7e8c\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8457\u6c11 \u4e3b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u53e4\u8001\u3002\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c \u5f88\u591a\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u5f9e 200 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\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u6eff\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u5169\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u4f3c\u7f8e\u5999\u537b\u53c8\u986f\u5f97\u865b\u5047\u7684\u5716\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6bcf\u500b\u719f\u77e5\u6b50\u6d32\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u77ad\u89e3\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u9078\u653f \u5e9c(popular government)\u7d93\u904e\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u5f8c\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u6557\u3001\u6d88 \u5931\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b \u7684\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u5171\u548c\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u548c\u8870\u6557\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a69\u5b9a 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title=\"Page 10\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 11\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u95dc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u6709\u592a\u591a\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b77\u53f2\u8a18\u9304\u88e1\u7684 \u6c11\u4e3b\u672c\u8cea\u662f:\u6c11\u4e3b\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u7406 \u89e3\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u8b58\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u50b3\u64ad\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 \u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u706b\u3001\u7e6a\u756b\u548c\u66f8\u6cd5\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea \u662f\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u9593\u548c\u5730\u65b9(\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\u5728\u897f\u5143\u524d 500 \u5e74\u7684\u96c5\u5178)\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6709\u5229\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u6703\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u5225\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u540c \u6a23\u7684\u689d\u4ef6?<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4f55\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u6709\u5229\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u80fd\u88ab\u7368\u7acb\u5730 \u767c\u660e\u548c\u518d\u767c\u660e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6642\u7a7a\u88e1\u78ba\u5be6\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u904e\u9019\u7a2e\u6709 \u5229\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u5229\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u4fc3\u9032\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b \u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u767c\u5c55\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u6709\u5229\u689d\u4ef6\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u6709\u5229 \u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u6587\u5b57\u8a18\u8f09\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u90e8\u843d\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\u5f88\u591a\u7684 \u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u616e\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u8a2d\u60f3\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7d50\u5408\u5f97\u5f88 \u597d\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6211\u5011\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4ed6\u5011\u201d\u3001\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3001\u6211\u7684\u4eba\u8207\u4ed6 \u5011\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u6211\u7684\u90e8\u65cf\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u65cf\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u9019\u500b\u7fa4\u9ad4\u2014\u2014\u90e8\u65cf(\u6211 \u5011\u66ab\u4e14\u9019\u6a23\u7a31\u547c\u5b83)\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u90e8\u65cf \u7684\u6210\u54e1\u5728\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c \u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\u9019\u500b\u7fa4\u9ad4\u88e1\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u90e8\u65cf\u7684\u9577\u8001\u2014 \u2014\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u9019\u500b\u90e8\u65cf\u6642\u8b93\u6210\u54e1\u64c1\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u6b0a\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d \u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u908f\u8f2f(logic of equality) 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\u6c11\u773e\u9078\u8209\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u5236\u9084\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e86\u76f8\u7576\u5805\u56fa\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u9593 \u96d6\u7136\u5076\u723e\u4e5f\u6709\u6ce2\u6298\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u9084\u662f\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 12\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>\u5e0c\u81d8\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u6c11\u751f \u6d3b\u5728\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u55ae\u7368\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u5340\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5e0c\u81d8\u662f\u7531\u6578\u767e\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684 \u57ce\u90a6\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u57ce\u90a6\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7586\u57df\u3002\u5e0c\u81d8\u4e0d\u50cf\u7f8e\u570b\u3001\u6cd5\u570b\u3001 \u65e5\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6(\u9019\u4e9b\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6[nation-state]\u6216\u570b\u5bb6 [national state]\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u6709\u8457\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a)\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6 \u90fd\u662f\u57ce\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6(city-state)\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u6642\u671f\u9084\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u57ce \u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u96c5\u5178\u3002\u5728\u897f\u5143\u524d 507 \u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u63a1\u7d0d\u7684\u6c11\u9078\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u6301\u7e8c \u4e86\u5927\u7d04\u5169\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u88ab\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u9130\u90a6\u99ac\u5176\u9813\u5f81\u670d\u5f8c\u624d\u7d50\u675f\u3002(\u897f\u5143\u524d 321 \u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u99ac\u5176\u9813\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u4ecd\u5805\u6301\u4e86\u5e7e\u4ee3\u4eba\u3002 \u5f8c\u4f86\u9019\u500b\u57ce\u5e02\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u4e0b\u518d\u6b21\u6dea\u9677\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u662f\u5e0c\u81d8\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b(democracy \u6216demokratia)\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u81ea\u5e0c\u81d8\u8a9e demos(\u4eba\u6c11)\u548c kratos(\u7d71\u6cbb)\u5169 \u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u96c5\u5178\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684 demos\u2014\u8a5e\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u6307\u5168\u9ad4\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\uff0c \u6709\u6642\u5019\u50c5\u6307\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6307\u7aae\u4eba\u3002\u6709\u6642\u5019\u8cb4\u65cf\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u7528 democracy \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u7528\u8a5e\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u5c0d\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u773e\u7684\u8511\u8996\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u596a\u53bb\u4e86 \u8cb4\u65cf\u5011\u539f\u4f86\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u600e\u6a23\uff0c\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5e0c \u81d8\u4eba\u4ecd\u820a\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u628a demokratia(\u6c11\u4e3b)\u4e00\u8a5e\u904b\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u96c5\u5178 \u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u9ad4\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u9ad4\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u7576\u6642 \u9084\u662f\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u8457\u7121\u8207\u502b\u6bd4\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5728\u4ee5 \u5f8c\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u88e1\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u5c07\u5b83\u7576\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u773e\u53c3\u9078\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u8aaa\u7684\u53c3 \u8207\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b(participatory democracy)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u5178\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5f88\u8907\u96dc\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u9019\u500b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684 \u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u6240\u6709\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u53c3\u9078\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u96c6\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u9019\u500b\u96c6\u5408\u9078\u8209 \u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u5b98\u54e1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c07\u8ecd(\u6216\u9996\u5e2d\u57f7\u884c\u5b98)\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u770b\u4f86\u9019\u662f\u5f88\u5947 \u602a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u8077\u4eba\u54e1\u662f\u901a\u904e\u62bd\u7c64\u9078\u8209\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u62bd\u7c64\u7684\u65b9 \u5f0f\u8b93\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u9078\u6c11\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53c3\u9078\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u64da\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u901a \u7684\u9078\u6c11\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u7b49\u53c3\u9078\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u653f\u5e9c \u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5b98\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5118\u7ba1\u5f88\u591a\u5e0c\u81d8\u57ce\u90a6\u56e0\u70ba\u806f\u5408\u3001\u806f\u76df\u548c\u57ce\u90a6\u540c\u76df(\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5171\u540c \u9632\u885b)\u800c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u96db\u5f62\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4eba \u5011\u537b\u77e5\u4e4b\u751a\u5c11\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7d66\u5f8c\u4f86 \u6c11\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u7559\u4e0b\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u901a\u904e\u62bd\u7c64\u9078\u51fa\u516c\u8077\u4eba\u54e1 \u7684\u6c11\u9078\u9ad4\u5236\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u70ba\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e0c\u81d8\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u7576\u6642\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236 \u6c11\u4e3b\u537b\u5ffd\u8996\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f85\u99ac\u3002<\/strong>\u5927\u7d04\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u5be6\u884c\u6c11\u9078\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6c11\u9078\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u5728 \u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u534a\u5cf6\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u4eba\u559c\u6b61\u7a31\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9ad4\u5236\u70ba\u5171\u548c(republic)\u3002 \u9019\u4e00\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4f86\u6e90\u65bc res(\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u4e8b\u60c5\u6216\u4e8b\u52d9)\u548c publicus (\u516c\u5171\u7684)\u7684\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u52d9\u5c6c\u65bc\u5168\u9ad4\u4eba\u6c11\u3002(\u6211\u9084 \u6703\u56de\u904e\u982d\u4f86\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5171\u548c\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u3002)<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 14\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u7ba1\u7406\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u6216\u8cb4\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u767c \u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u9b25\u722d\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11(plebs or plebeians)\u4e5f\u7372\u5f97\u4e86 \u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u96c5\u5178\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u6b0a\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236 \u8207\u5171\u548c\u5236\u4e5f\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u898f\u6a21\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u901a\u904e\u541e\u4f75\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u64f4\u5927 \u7586\u57df\u4f7f\u5b83\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e86\u6574\u500b\u7fa9\u5927\u5229 \u548c\u5468\u908a\u66f4\u9060\u7684\u5730\u5340\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7d93\u5e38\u628a\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u7f85 \u99ac\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u8ce6\u4e88\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\u5730\u5340\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00 \u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7576\u6642\u8d08\u9001\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u79ae\u7269\u201d 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\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u907a\u8de1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f88\u591a\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u9059\u9060\u908a\u9672\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4f86 \u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u8207\u4ed8\u51fa\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u7f85\u99ac\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u9059\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u53bb\u53c3\u52a0\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u6703\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u548c\u5360\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684 \u516c\u6c11\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u53c3\u52a0\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u9019\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8209\u884c\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5927 \u6703\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u6b63\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u96a8\u8457\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u65b7\u64f4\u5927\u800c\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\uff0c\u5373 \u4f7f\u65b0\u4f75\u5165\u5dde\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u9858\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u89aa\u81e8\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u7279\u5340\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5168\u570b \u6027\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\u884c\u4f7f\u6295\u7968\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5118\u7ba1\u7f85\u99ac\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u64c1\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5275\u9020\u6027\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u6c92 \u6709\u628a\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u6703\u88e1\u9078\u8209\u4e3b\u8981\u57f7\u884c\u5b98\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u7684\u4e26\u5efa \u7acb\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad4\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u51fa\u7f85\u99ac\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5275\u9020\u6027\u8207\u6280\u5de7\u6027\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6 \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u56de\u61b6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7d93\u7fd2\u4ee5\u70ba\u5e38\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u8207\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u770b \u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u65e9\u5730\u4ecb\u7d39\u5b83\u5011?\u6211 \u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u7576\u6210\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211 \u5011\u7684\u5f8c\u4ee3\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u6703\u7d0d\u60b6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136 \u7684\u9769\u65b0?\u96e3\u9053\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u5730\u9019\u9ebc\u770b\u5f85\u2014\u2014\u5982\u540c\u7f85\u99ac\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23 \u2014\u2014\u5f9e\u800c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u5275\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u5851\u6211\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6a5f\u69cb?<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 15\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u6bd4\u96c5\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u66f4\u4e45\uff0c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b \u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u9577\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u897f\u5143\u524d 130 \u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5167 \u90e8\u52d5\u4e82\u3001\u6230\u722d\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5316\u3001\u8150\u6557\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u516c\u6c11 \u4e2d\u539f\u4f86\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5805\u5be6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7cbe\u795e\u4e5f\u5728\u8870\u9000\u3002\u90a3\u5c11\u5f97\u53ef\u6190\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5171\u548c\u5be6 \u8e10\u4e5f\u96a8\u8457\u6137\u6492(Caesar)\u7684\u7368\u88c1\u800c\u6d88\u4ea1\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u897f\u5143\u524d 44 \u5e74\u6137\u6492\u9047\u523a\u8eab \u4ea1\u5f8c\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u7531\u516c\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5171\u548c\u570b\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u7531\u7687\u5e1d\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96a8\u8457\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u6c92\u843d\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb(popular rule)\u5728\u5357\u6b50\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u5206\u6563\u7684\u90e8\u65cf\u5b58\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u5f9e\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6d88\u5931\u4e86 \u8fd1\u5343\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 15\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u3002<\/strong>\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u6ec5\u7d55\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u5316\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5 \u91cd\u73fe\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u897f\u5143 1100 \u5e74\u524d\u5f8c\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u4e00 \u4e9b\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5b83\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5c0d\u5c0f\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u88e1\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927 \u7684\u5730\u5340\u6216\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u7f85\u99ac\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4e26\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa \u73fe\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cd\u8907\u8457\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u958b\u59cb\u53ea\u9650\u65bc\u4e0a\u5c64\u968e \u7d1a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5982\u8cb4\u65cf\u3001\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b \u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u8981\u6c42\u64c1\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6211\u5011\u4eca\u5929\u7a31\u547c\u70ba\u4e2d\u7522\u968e \u7d1a\u7684\u6210\u54e1:\u65b0\u8208\u5bcc\u4eba\u3001\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u9280\u884c\u5bb6\u3001\u884c\u6703\u7d44\u7e54\u4e2d\u7684\u719f\u7df4\u624b\u5de5\u696d\u8005\u3001 \u7531\u9a0e\u58eb\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u9a0e\u5175\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u8d85\u904e\u4e0a\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7d44\u7e54 \u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u6709\u69cb\u6210\u66b4\u529b\u8d77\u7fa9\u5a01\u8105\u7684 \u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6709\u6642\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba popolo(\u4eba\u6c11) 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