{"id":40,"date":"2017-05-19T18:19:54","date_gmt":"2017-05-19T18:19:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/18.212.194.158\/?p=40"},"modified":"2017-05-25T12:52:10","modified_gmt":"2017-05-25T12:52:10","slug":"%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e8%b5%b7%e6%ba%90%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0-2-the-origin-of-democracy-part2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinacivilrights.org\/?p=40","title":{"rendered":"\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d77\u6e90\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0 \u2013 2 The Origin of Democracy Part2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 17\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h3>\u5317\u6b50<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u4e0d\u7ba1\u53eb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u9084\u662f\u5171\u548c\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u3001\u7f85\u99ac\u548c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u7684\u6c11\u9078\u653f 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class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>\u5f9e\u96c6\u6703\u5230\u8b70\u6703(paliament)\u3002<\/strong>\u7dad\u4eac\u4eba\u5411\u897f\u5192\u96aa\u524d\u9032\u5230\u51b0\u5cf6\uff0c\u6839\u64da \u7576\u5730\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u653f\u6cbb\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u518d\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5be9\u5224\u96c6\u6703\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6 \u5011\u505a\u4e86\u66f4\u591a:\u5728\u897f\u5143 930 \u5e74\uff0c\u9810\u793a\u8457\u5f8c\u4f86\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u8b70\u6703\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 \u4ed6\u5011\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u7d1a\u5be9\u5224\u96c6\u6703\u3001\u8d85\u5927\u578b\u96c6\u6703(althing)\u6216\u8005\u570b\u6c11\u96c6\u6703\uff0c \u6210\u70ba\u51b0\u5cf6\u6301\u7e8c\u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6e90\u982d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u7dad\u4eac\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u51b0\u5cf6\u624d\u7d50\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 19\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u632a\u5a01\u3001\u4e39\u9ea5\u548c\u745e\u5178\uff0c\u5730\u5340\u96c6\u6703\u4e5f\u5728\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u50cf\u51b0\u5cf6\u4e00 \u6a23\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u96c6\u6703\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u570b\u738b\u6b0a\u529b\u5728\u4e0d\u65b7\u52a0\u5f37\uff0c\u570b\u738b\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u592e \u96c6\u6b0a\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u96c6\u6703\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u8457 \u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u75d5\u8de1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u745e\u5178\uff0c\u7576\u570b\u738b\u958b\u59cb\u53ec\u958b\u745e\u5178\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u540c\u968e\u7d1a\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5927 \u6703\u6642\uff0c\u7dad\u4eac\u4eba\u6642\u4ee3\u8b70\u4e8b\u6703\u88e1\u7684\u6c11\u773e\u53c3\u9078\u50b3\u7d71\u5728 15 \u4e16\u7d00\u88ab\u5f15\u5411\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ee3 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\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u53ec\u96c6\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f86\u81ea\u57ce\u93ae\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u793e\u6703\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u958b\u6703\u3002\u5118 \u7ba1\u90a3\u4e9b\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u96c6\u6703\u3001\u8b70\u6703\u6216\u201c\u7b49\u7d1a\u6703\u8b70\u201d(estate)\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u6f14\u5316\u6210 \u4eca\u5929\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u5275\u7acb\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u6163\u4f8b\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u537b\u975e\u5e38\u6709 \u5229\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 19\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u958b\u59cb\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u8b70\u6703 (representative parliament)\u9010\u6f38\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u6b64\u5f8c\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u88e1\u7684\u4ee3 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\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6f14\u5316\u5c0e\u81f4\u61b2\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7522\u751f(constitutional system)\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u738b\u548c\u8b70\u6703\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5c0d\u65b9\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5236;\u5728\u570b\u6703 \u88e1\uff0c\u4e0a\u8b70\u9662\u4e2d\u4e16\u8972\u8cb4\u65cf\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u88ab\u4e0b\u8b70\u9662\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6240\u62b5\u6d88;\u7531\u570b\u738b\u548c \u8b70\u6703\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u7531\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u5b98\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6216\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4e8e\u570b \u738b\u548c\u8b70\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 18 \u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5c07\u5c0d\u570b\u5167\u5404\u7a2e\u4e3b\u8981\u793e\u6703\u52e2\u529b\u9593\u9032\u884c\u5236\u7d04 \u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5947\u5999\u5236\u5ea6\u53d7\u5230\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u63a8\u5d07\u3002\u5b83\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u570b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5b5f \u5fb7\u65af\u9ce9\u7684\u8b9a\u7f8e\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u9084\u53d7\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u5011\u7684\u8b9a\u7f8e\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011 \u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u4e5f\u5275\u9020\u4e00\u500b\u4fdd\u7559\u8457\u82f1\u570b\u9ad4\u5236\u512a\u9ede\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u541b\u4e3b \u5236\u7f3a\u9ede\u7684\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u5275\u5236\u7684\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5c07\u53ca\u6642\u5730\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u5171\u548c\u570b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00 \u500b\u5178\u7bc4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\u90e8\u5206\u5b8c\u7ed3\uff09<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5317\u6b50 \u4e0d\u7ba1\u53eb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u9084\u662f\u5171\u548c\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u3001\u7f85\u99ac\u548c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u7684\u6c11\u9078\u653f \u5e9c\u653f\u9ad4\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u67d0\u4e9b\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\uff0c \u9084\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u671f\u7684\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u904e\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6c11\u9078\u653f\u5e9c (local popular 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